28 12. 13. 14. • • • • • • Li-S is lighter than Lithium ion, 2.5 lighter from our Li-ion reference in 2014, free of critical materials (i.e. no natural graphite, no cobalt), water-based electrode manufacturing, using oil industry by product as active material, and still far away from its theoretical limits. Li-S behaves similar respect Li ion with slight increase in electrical range +2% and +10% respectively for BEV and PHEV, -15% decrease in weight, within the same volume and optimistic scenarios, i.e. evaluated in optimal and limited temperature and current rate. ALISE Li S cells’ prototype are still non-optimized for direct battery integration in real condition with: Cell manufacturing need to be fully automatized to reach hig- her reproducibility/homogeneity, limitation impacting on cell balancing at module level. Effective lithium metal anode protection must be produced at relevant level of manufacturing Cyclability to be improved from 100 to at least to 1.000 cycles for 80% BoL at 80% DoD Operating temperature to be improved from 40oC to at least to 70oC Charging rate must be improved from 1C to 3C maintaining the battery pack nominal capacity at 80% of its initial value Volumetric energy as to be improved from 340 to > 500 Wh L-1 as key factor for technology integration and maintaining is low weight (i.e. > 325 Wh kg-1) 15. Final LCA completed by C-Tech shows that Li S has less envi- ronmental impact than NMC Li-ion. 16. Final LCC is complete by C-Tech and shows that Production costs are lower than current NMC 111 Li-ion, and potentially lower than emerging lower Co NMC grades. ALISE is more than a linear bottom-up approach from materials to cell ELECTRIC VEHICLE Figure 3: ALISE battery Li-S cell, Li-S module and dummy pack. Figure 4: Breakdown of component contribution to cell cost; Left – Li-S; Right NMC 111.