HIGIENE ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................¿..C..u.á..l.e.s...f.u.e..r.o..n..l.o..s..r..e.s..u.l.t.a..d..o.s...o.b..t.e..n.i.d..o.s..?.................f.o.r.m..a.n.d.o..p.a..rt.e..d.e..l.o.s..s.is.t.e.m..a.s..d.e..a.g.u..a..p.o.t.a.b.l.e..e.n..la.s..e.x.p.l.o.t.a.c.i.o.n.e.s................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................E..n..la..F.i.g.u.r.a..3..s.e..re..p.r.e.s.e.n.t.a..la..c.o..m.p..a.r.a.c.ió..n.d..e.l.o.s..v.a.l.o.r.e.s..m.e..d.io.s..d.e.....a.v..íc.o.l.a.s..(.Jo..s.h.u.a..y.c..o.l.,.2.0..0.6.)..S.i.n..e.m..b.a.r.g.o.,.e..l .h.e.c.h.o..d.e..q.u..e.l.a.s..c.e.p.a.s................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................f.o.r.m..a.c.i.ó.n..d.e..b.i.o. .l.m..e.n..tr.e..la..s..c.e.p.a.s..d.e..C.a.m..p..yl.o.b.a.c..te.r..a.i.s.la.d..a.s..d.e..la.....c.l.ín..ic.a..s.f.o.r.m..e.n..m.e..n.o.s..b.io.. .lm...p.o.d.r.í.a..in.d..ic.a.r..q.u.e..e.s.t.e..a.t.ri.b.u.t.o..d.e..v.ir.u.-................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................c.a..d.e.n.a..a.l.im..e.n..ta..ri.a..d.e..l.a.c..a.r.n.e..d.e..p.o.l.lo..(.C.A..).y..la.s..c.e.p..a.s..c.lí.n.i.c.a.s..(.H.).....l.e.n.c.i.a..e.s..m..e.n.o.s..r.e.l.e.v.a.n.t.e..p.a..ra..e..l.p.a.t.ó.g..e.n.o..a..l.a..h.o.r.a..d.e..i.n.f.e.c.t.a.r..a.l.................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................C..o.m..o..s.e.p..u.e.d.e..o.b.s.e.r.v.a..r,..la.s..c.e.p.a..s.a..is.l.a.d.a.s..d.e..l.a..c.a.d.e.n..a.a..li.m..e.n.t.a.r.ia.....s.e.r..h.u.m..a.n.o.. .......................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................l.o..q.u..e..s.u.g.i.e.r.e..q.u.e...la...c.a.p.a.c.i.d.a.d...d.e..f.o.r.m..a.r..b.i.o. .l.m...p.o.d.r.ía...s.e.r..u.n.a.....E.s..p.e.c.i.a.lm..e.n.t.e..i.n.t.e.re..s.a.n.t.e..re..s.u.lt.ó..e.l.h.e..c.h.o..d.e..q.u.e..la.s..c.e.p..a.s.d..e.C...c.o.l.i.................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................h..e.r.ra.m..i.e.n.t.a..u.t.i.li.z.a.d.a..p.o.r..la..s.c..e.p.a.s..a.l.im..e.n.t.a.r.i.a.s..p.a.r.a..in..c.r.e.m.e..n.t.a.r.s.u.....f.u.e.r.o.n..m..á.s..p.r.o.d.u..c.t.o.ra..s..d.e..b.io.. .lm...q.u.e..l.a.s..c.e.p.a..s.d..e..C..j.e.j.u.n.i.(.F.i.g.u.r.a................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................v.i.r.u.l.e.n.c.i.a.y..p.e.r.d.u.r.a.r.a..l.o.l.a.r.g.o.d..e.t.o.d.a..la..c.a.d..e.n.a..a.li.m..e.n.t.a.r.ia..d.e..la..c.a.r.n.e.....4..)..L.a..m..a.y.o.r.í.a..d.e..l.o.s..c.a.s.o.s...d.o.c.u.m..e.n.t.a.d..o.s..d.e..c.a.m..p.i.lo..b.a.c.t.e.r.io.s.i.s..a................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................d..e.p..o.ll.o..E.s..te..c.o.m..p.o.r.t.a.m..i.e.n.t.o..e.s.c.o..h.e.r.e.n.t.e..c.o.n..e.l .h.e.c.h..o.d..e.q.u..e.c..o.m.o.....n.i.v.e.l..m.u..n.d.i.a.l.s.e..d.e.b..e.n..a..la..e..s.p.e.c.i.e..C..j.e.j.u.n.i., .q.u.e..r.e.p.r.e.s.e..n.t.a..a.p.r.o.x.i-................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................p..a.r.te..d.e..e.s.t.e..e.x.p.e.r.i.m.e..n.t.o.s.e..h.a.n..a..is.l.a.d.o..c.e.p.a..s.d.e..C..a.m..p.y.lo.b.a..c.te..r.a..lo.....m..a.d.a..m.e..n.t.e..e.l.9.0..%...d.e..lo.s..a..is.l.a.m..ie.n..t.o.s..c.o.n. .r.m..a.d.o.s.,..a.s.o.c.i.á.n.d..o.s.e..e.l.................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... formaron mayor cantidad de bio lm que las cepas de origen clínico, largo de toda la cadena alimentaria, desde las granjas de producción 10% restante de los casos a la especie C. coli (Gañan y col., 2012). ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................h..a.s.t.a..la.s..c.a.n.a..le.s..o..d.e.r.iv..a.d.o.s..d.e..p.o.l.lo..q.u.e..s.e..v.e.n.d.e.n..a.l..c.o.n.s.u.m..i.d.o.r., .lo.....S.i.n..e.m..b.a.r.g.o.., .e.n..l.o.s..ú.l.ti.m..o.s..a.ñ.o.s..s..e.h..a..r.e.p.o.r.t.a.d.o..e.n..t.o.d.o..e.l..m..u.n.d.o................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................q..u.e..d.e.m..u.e.s.t.r.a.s..u.p..re.s..e.n.c.i.a.e.n..t.o.d.a..l.a..c.a.d.e.n.a..a.l.im..e.n..ta..ri.a..d.e..la..c.a.r.n.e.....l.a..e.m..e.r.g.e.n.c.i.a..d..e..c.e.p.a.s..d..e..C....c.o.l.i.r.e.s.i.s.t.e.n.t.e.s..a..d.i.v.e.r.s.o.s..a..n.t.ib.i.ó.t.i-................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................d..e..p.o.l.lo...A.l..ig..u.a.l..q.u.e..o.c.u.r.r.e..c.o.n...o.tr.a.s..e..s.p.e.c.i.e.s..b.a.c.t.e.r.i.a.n.a.s.,..s.e..h.a.....c.o.s..,.in..c.lu..y.e.n.d.o..m..a.c.r.ó.l.id.o.s..c.o.m..o..l.a..e.r.it.r.o.m..ic.i.n.a.,..e.l.c.u.a..l.s.e..c.o.n.s.i.d.e.r.a................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................d..e.s.c.r.it.o..q.u.e..C.a..m.p..y.lo.b.a..c.te.r..e.s..c.a.p.a..z.d.e..f.o.r.m..a.r.b..io. ..lm..s..e.n..d.i.fe.r.e.n..te.s.....l.a..p.r.i.n.c.i.p.a.l..o.p.c.i.ó.n..t.e.r.a.p.é.u.t.i.c.a..e.n...e.l .c.a..s.o..d.e..l.a..c.a.m..p.i.l.o.b.a.c.t.e.r.i.o.s.is................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................m..a.t.e.r.i.a.le..s..c.o.m..o..a.c.e.r.o..i.n.o.x.id..a.b.l.e..y..p.lá..s.ti.c.o.s..q.u..e..s.e..p.u.e.d..e.n..e.n.c.o.n..-....(.W..ie..c.z.o.r.e.k.y..c.o.l.,.2.0..1.5.)..E.l.h.e..c.h.o.d..e.q.u..e.e.s..ta..e.s.p.e..c.ie..p.r.e.s.e.n.t.e..a.d.e.m..á.s................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................F.i.g.u.r.a..3....E.s.ti.m.a..c.ió.n..m..e.d.i.a..d.e..fo..rm..a.c.i.ó.n..d.e.................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................b.i.o. .l.m..e.n.c..e.p.a.s.d.e..C.a.m..p.y.l.o.b.a.c.t.e.r.a.i.s.la.d.a.s..d.e.................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................l.a.c..a.d.e.n.a..a.li.m.e.n..ta.r.i.a.d.e..l.a.c.a.r.n.e..d.e.p..o.ll.o.(.C.A.).................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................y..d.e..c.a.s.o.s.c.l.ín..ic.o.s..(.H.)......................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................F.ig.u.r.a..4..E.s.t.im..a.c.i.ó.n..m.e.d.i.a..d.e.f.o.r.m..a.c.ió.n..d.e................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................b.io. .l.m..d.e..c.e.p.a.s..d.e..C..je..ju.n.i.y..C...c.o.l.i.a.i.s.la.d.a..s.d.e................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................l.a.c.a.d.e..n.a.a.l.i.m.e.n.t.a.r.i.a.d.e..la..c.a.r.n.e..d.e..p.o.ll.o..y.d.e................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................c.a.s.o.s..c.lí.n.i.c.o.s. ............................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... trar habitualmente en diferentes partes de las plantas de procesado o atributos de virulencia especí cos como es una mayor capacidad de 64<<