......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................d..e.n..o.l.a.b.o..re..o.f.r.e.n.t.e..a..la.s..d.e..m..í.n.im..o..l.a.b.o.r.e.o..y.d..e.l.a.b.o..re..o.t.r.a.d.i.c.i.o.n.a.l.....ß..-g..lu..c.o.s.i.d.a.s.a...(.e.n.z.i.m.a...e.x.t.r.a.c.e.l.u.l.a.r..y..b..a.s.t.a.n.t.e..p..e.r.s.is..te.n..t.e..e.n...e.l........................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................T.e..n.ie.n..d.o..e.n..c.u.e.n..ta..q..u.e..la..f.e.r.t.i.li.z.a.c.i.ó.n..e.s..la..m..i.s.m..a..y.q..u.e..lo..s.r.e.s..to.s.....t.i.e.m..p.o.)..e.s..s.e..n.s.ib..le...a.l.a..p.o.r.t.e..d.e..r.e.s.i.d.u..o.s..y..a..s.u...lo..c.a.li.z.a.c.i.ó.n.,..y.a............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................d..e..c.a.d.a..c.o.s..e.c.h.a..s.e..p.i.c.a.n..y..e.s.p.a..r.c.e.n..s.o.b.r.e..e.l..s.u.e.l.o..in.d..e.p.e.n.d..ie.n..te..-....q.u..e..c.a.t.a.l.i.z.a..r.e.a.c.c.i.o.n.e.s...d.e..d.e.g..r.a.d.a.c.i.ó.n..d..e..c.o.m..p.u.e..s.to..s..o.r.g.á.n.i.c.o.s............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................m..e.n..te..d..e.l.s.i.s.t.e.m..a..d.e..l.a.b.o.r.e.o..(.p.o..r.l.o..q.u.e..l.a.s..e.n.t.r.a.d.a..s..d.e..C..y..d.e..N.....l.ib..e.r.a.n.d.o...g.lu..c.o.s.a..a..l.m..e.d.i.o...O.t.r.o..e.j.e.m..p.l.o..s.e.r.í.a..l.a..e.n.z.i.m..a..u.r.e.a.s.a..,........................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................s..o.n..m.u..y.s.i.m..il.a.r.e.s..e.n..t.o.d.o.s..l.o.s.t.r.a.t.a.m..i.e.n.t.o.s.).,.l.a.s..d.i.f.e.r.e.n.c.i.a.s..e.n.c.o.n..-....q.u..e..p.a.r.t.i.c.ip..a..e.n..l.a..d.e.g..ra..d.a.c.i.ó.n..d.e..l.n.i.t.r.ó.g.e.n.o...o.rg..á.n.i.c.o..r.o.m..p.i.e.n.d.o............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... .................. b it o tradas en los stocks de C y de N deben ser producidos por una mayor la molécula de urea y liberando NH y CO . Otra sería el FDA, que se ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................p..é.r.d.id..a..e.n.l.a.s..p.a.r.c.e..la.s..l.a.b.r.a.d.a..s.c.o..n.m..a.y.o..r.o..m..e.n.o.r.i.n.t.e.n.s..id.a..d..E.s.t.a.....h.i.d.r.o.l.i.za..p..o.r.e.s.t.e.r.a.s.a..s.,.p.r.o.t.e.a.s..a.s.y..l.ip.a..s.a.s.,.t.o.d..a.s.e..ll.a.s..in..v.o.lu..c.r.a.d.a.s............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................p..é.r.d.id..a..s.e.d..e.b.e..p.r.in..c.ip..a.lm..e.n..te..a..u.n..i.n.c.r.e.m..e.n.t.o..e.n..la..m..i.n.e.r.a.l.iz.a.c..ió.n.....e.n..l.a..d.e.s.c..o.m..p.o.s.i.c.ió.n..m..i.c.r.o.b.i.a.n.a..d..e.l.a..m..a.t.e.r.ia..o..rg..á.n.i.c.a..d.e.l..s.u.e.l.o.y............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................d..e.l.a..m..a.t.e.r.i.a..o.rg..á.n.i.c.a.,..d.e.b.i.d.a..a.l..a.u.m..e.n.t.o..d.e..l.a..a.i.re.a..c.ió..n..d.e.l.s.u..e.lo.....r.e.p.r.e.s..e.n.t.a..la..a..c.ti.v.i.d.a.d..t.o.t.a.l..d.e..lo.s..m..i.c.r.o.o.r.g.a.n.i.s.m..o.s..h.e.t.e.r.o.t.r.ó. .c..o.s............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................a..l.m..e.jo..r.c.o.n.t.a..c.to..d.e..l.o.s..re..s.id.u..o.s..c.o.n..la.s..p.a..r.tí.c.u.l.a.s..d.e.l.s..u.e.l.o.a.l..m..e.z.-....E.n..e..s.t.e.c.a..s.o.,.e.l..tr.a..ta..m.i.e.n.t.o..d.e..n.o..l.a.b.o.r.e.o..m..o.s.t.r.ó..u.n.a..m..a.y.o.r..a.c.t.i.v.i-............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................c.l.a.s.e..e.s..to.s..c.o.n..l.a.s..l.a.b.o.r.e.s.,..q.u.e.d..a.n.d.o..m..á.s..e.x.p.u..e.s.t.o.s..a.l.a..a.c.c.i.ó.n..d.e.....d.a..d..d.e..l.a.s..e.n.z.i.m.a..s..ß.-.g.l.u.c.o.s.i.d.a.s.a...(5..8.,.7.%...m..a.y.o.r.).y..u.r.e.a..s.a..(.4.6.,.3.%............................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................E..s.t.o.s..v.a.l.o.r.e.s..s.e..c.o.r.r.e.s.p..o.n.d.i.e.r.o.n..t.a.m..b.i.é.n..c.o.n...e.l.C...d.e..l.a..b.i.o.m..a.s.a.....r.e.s.p..e.c.t.o.a..l.la..b.o.r.e.o..tr.a.d..ic.i.o.n.a..l,.d..e.m..o.s.t.ra..n.d.o..u.n.a..m..e.j.o.r.c.a..p.a.c.i.d.a.d..d.e............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................m..i.c.r.o.b.i.a.n.a...E.n..la..s.p.a..r.c.e.la..s.e.n..n.o..l.a.b.o.r.e.o..e.s.t.e..p.a.r.á.m..e.t.r.o..a.lc..a.n.z.ó..lo.s.....r.e.s.p..u.e.s.t.a..m..ic.r.o.b..ia.n..a..d.e..lo.s..s.u.e..lo.s..n.o..l.a.b.r.a.d.o..s................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................4..3.3..m..g..d.e..c.a.r.b.o.n..o..p.o.r..k.g..d.e..s.u.e.l.o.,.u..n..4.7.%...s.u.p..e.r.io.r..a.l.e..n.c.o.n.t.r.a.d.o.................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................e.n..l.a.b.o..re..o.t.r.a.d.i.c.i.o.n.a.l..A.d..e.m..á.s.,.l.a..re..la.c.i.ó.n..d.e..l.a.b..io.m..a..s.a.m..i.c.r.o.b.i.a.n.a.....E..f.e..c.t.o...e.n...l.a..m...i.c.r.o..f.a..u.n..a...d.e..l..s.u..e.l.o................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................p..o.r.u.n..id..a.d..d.e..c.a.r.b.o.n.o..o.r.g.á.n..ic..o.d.e..l.s.u.e.l.o..ta..m..b.ié..n.f.u.e..m..a.y.o.r..e.n..e.l.n.o.....C..o.m..o.s..e.h..a.v..is.t.o.,..e.n..e.l.s.u.e.l.o..h.a.b..it.a.n..u.n..a..e.n.o.r.m..e..c.a.n.t.i.d.a.d..d.e..o.r.g.a.-............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................ .................. .. ... ..... .. los microorganismos del suelo. mayor) y una mayor actividad en la hidrólisis de FDA (18% mayor) ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................c..o.n.t.e.n.i.d.o..d.e..c..a.r.b.o.n.o..y..d..e..m..ic.r.o.o.r.g.a..n.is..m.o..s..ta..m..b.ié..n..s.e..r.e. .e.j.ó..e.n.....c.o.l.é.m..b.o.l.o.s.,..á.c.a.r.o.s..,.l.o.m..b.r.ic..e.s.)..q.u.e..a.f.e.c.t.a.n...d.e..f.o.r.m..a..f.u.n.d.a.m..e.n..t.a.l........................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................u..n.a..m..a.y.o.r.r.e.s..p.ir.a.c..ió.n..b.a..s.a.l.d..e.l.s.u.e..lo..d.e..n.o..l.a.b.o.r.e.o..(.u.n..4.0..%...m.a..y.o.r....a..l.a..f.u.n.c.i.o.n.a..li.d.a.d..d..e.l.s.u..e.lo...E.l..s.u.e.l.o.,.d..e.h..e.c.h.o.,..a.l.b.e.r.g.a..h.a..s.t.a..u.n.a............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................q..u.e..e.n..la.b..o.r.e.o..tr.a.d..ic.i.o.n.a..l).,.a..u.n.q.u..e.l.a..r.e.la..c.ió..n.d..e.l.c.a.r.b..o.n.o..e.n..f.o.rm..a.....c.u..a.r.ta..p..a.r.t.e.d..e.l.a..d.i.v.e.r.s.i.d.a.d..b.i.o.l.ó.g.i.c.a..d.e.l.p..la..n.e.t.a.,.y..s.e..c.a.l.c.u.l.a..q.u.e............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... laboreo (4,4% frente al 3,6% del laboreo tradicional). Este mayor nismos pertenecientes a numerosos grupos de animales (nematodos, ..................d..e.C..O...fr.e.n..te..a.l..c.a.r.b.o.n.o..o.r.g.á.n..ic.o..d.e..l.s.u.e.l.o..n.o..v.a.r.ió..e.n.t.r.e..t.ra..t.a.m..ie.n..-....l.a..m..i.ta..d..d.e..l.a..b..io.m..a..s.a..a.n.i.m..a.l..t.o.t.a.l.d..e..l.a..t.ie.r.r.a..e..s..s.u.b.t.e.r.r.á.n.e.a............................. 2 ................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................t.o.s...O.t.r.a..r.e.l.a.c.i.ó.n..i.n.t.e.r.e.s.a.n.t.e..y..q.u..e..a.p.o.r.t.a..g.r.a.n..i.n.f.o.r.m..a.c.i.ó.n..s.o.b..re.....E..s.to..s.o.r.g..a.n.i.s.m..o.s.d..e.l.s.u..e.lo..p.a..rt.i.c.i.p.a.n..e.n..e.l..m.a..n.t.e.n.i.m.i.e.n..to..d.e.l..c.i.c.lo............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................e.n..c.u.e.n.t.r.a.n..b..a.jo..a.l.g.ú..n.e..s.t.ré..s.(.c.o.m..o..p.u..e.d.e..s.e.r..u.n..p.e.r.i.o.d.o..d.e..s.e.q.u..ía.....l.a..e.s.t.r.u.c.t.u.r.a..d.e.l..s.u.e.l.o.y..l.a..s.u.p.r.e.s.i.ó.n..d.e..e.s.p.e..c.ie.s..p.l.a.g.a..e..i.n.v.a.s.o..ra..s............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................o..s.i..l.e..e.s.t.á..a.f.e.c.t.a.n..d.o..a.l.g.ú.n..p..la.g..u.i.c.id..a.)..e.s..e.l.c..o.c.ie..n.t.e..m..e.ta..b.ó.l.ic.o.....A..s.í,.l.a..d.i.v.e.r.s.i.d.a.d..y.a..b.u.n.d.a..n.c.i.a.d..e.e..s.ta..s.c..o.m.u..n.i.d.a.d.e.s..d.e..o.r.g.a.n..is.m..o.s............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................(.q.C..O..)..E.s..te..c.o.c.i.e.n.t.e..s.e..o.b.t.i.e.n.e..c.o.m..o.l.a..r.e.la..c.ió.n..e.n..t.re..l.a.r.e.s..p.ir.a.c..ió.n.....e.d..á. .c.o.s..s.e..p.u.e..d.e.n..u.t.il.i.z.a.r.c.o.m..o..i.n.d.i.c.a.d.o.r.e.s..d.e..l.a.s..a.lu..d.b..io.l.ó.g.i.c.a..d.e............................ ....................... el estado de las comunidades microbianas, de su madurez o de si se de nutrientes así como en otras funciones como la modi cación de .................................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................b..a.s.a.l..d.e.l.s.u..e.lo..y..e.l.c.o.n..te..n.id..o.d..e..c.a.r.b.o.n.o..e.n..l.a..b.i.o.m..a.s.a..m..ic.r.o.b..ia.n..a.....l.o.s..s.u.e.l.o.s..a.g.r.a.r.i.o.s....E.n..e.s.t.e..s.e.n.t.i.d.o.,..lo.s..n.e..m.a..to..d.o.s..e.d.á. ..c.o.s..d.e.s.t.a.-............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... .. .. . . . . . a 2 ..................E..n..e.s.t.e..c.a.s.o.,.e..l.q.C..O..f.u..e.s.i.m..i.la.r..e.n.t.r.e..lo.s..t.r.e.s..s.i.s.t.e.m.a..s..d.e..la.b..o.r.e.o.....c.a..n.p..o.r.s.u.s..p.r.o.p.i.e.d.a..d.e.s..c.o.m..o..b.io..in.d..ic.a..d.o.r.e.s...A.u..n.q.u.e..l.o.s..n.e.m..a.t.o.d.o.s............................ 2 ....................................... .................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... Pero, al relativizar este cociente al contenido de carbono orgánico son generalmente conocidos por sus especies toparásitas, que pue- .. b o r e o , i . . . . . . n d .. i c a .. . n d o u .. . . .. n . a m .. .. . . a y o r e c i e n c i . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. .. . a d e s u s c o m . . ... .. . . . ... .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. u n . . . i d . . . . . . a .. . .. . d e s l o s n e m s . . . . . ..... . . . .. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... .................. a d e d e l s u e l o , s .. .. . . . . . . . í q .. . . u e s e v i o u . . . . .. . .. . .. n d e s c e n s o d e l 6 2 % e n la s p a .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . ... . r c e l a s d e d e n p r o v o c a . .. ........................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... O t ro s p a r á m e t r o s m e d i d o s f u e r o n a lg u n a s d e l a s e n zi m a s p r o d u c i - E n n ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... .................. .... das por los microorganismos del suelo, que sirven de indicadores perturbación mecánica (mínimo laboreo y no laboreo) presentaron .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... .................. ..... u e e l d e la m .. . . . . . . a . d . u r e z d e e s t a s p o b la c i o n e s y d e s u c a .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. p a c id . . .. . a .. d d e c a t a . . . .. ... . . l i z a . .. . r c o m . . 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......................................................................................................................................................................................... d e t e r m i n a d o s p r o c e s o s d e d e s c o m p o s i c ió n . P o r e je m p l o , la e n z im ........................................................................................................................................................................ a l a b o r e o t r a ................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... .. .. . .. .. . u e s t r o e s t u d u . . . . .. n . . . . . .. . id .. . . a t o d o s d e l s u e l o s o n o r g . .. a . . . . . d e s d e n e m . . . .. .. .. . . . . d r p é rd . . i c i o n . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . i o , o b s e r v a .. . . . . a l m e j o r ó la f e r t il . . . .. id .. . a s im . . .. .. . . . . a t o d o s e d . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . p o rt a . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. m o s q . . .. . . . . .. á c o s m . .. n t e s e n l . . .. . . . . . . u e lo s t r a t a . . i d . .. a n . . . CEREALES 32 .. . i s . .. .. . . a . . .. .. m o s b e n e c i o s o s , c o n h .. .. .. d d e l s u e l o d e b i d o a la i . . á s c o m . . a s c o s e c h . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. m .. . p l e j . . i e n t o s c o n u . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. a s , m a s , la m . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . i e n t r a s q .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . a y o r í . n . . .. . . .. a m e n o r . . n c o r p o - . . . . á . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . ............................ ............................ ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... n o l . . . . . . . .. ........................................................... . . . ................................. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... .................. .... m .. i c r o b i . .. .. a . n . . a s . t r ó c o s d . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. iv e r s o s y s e n s . . . . .. . .. . . . . . i . b l e s a la s p e r tu rb a c i o n e s a . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. m . b i e n t a . . . . . . l e s . . . .. .. . . . ............................ >> 7