This news article was originally written in Spanish. It has been automatically translated for your convenience. Reasonable efforts have been made to provide an accurate translation, however, no automated translation is perfect nor is it intended to replace a human translator. The original article in Spanish can be viewed at Nuevas tendencias de los cultivos sin suelo y su estado en los países emergentes
During the last decades Spain is developing some technicians of crop without floor, in some way, distinct to the rest of the world
New tendencies of the crops without floor and his state in the emergent countries
Miguel Urrestarazu (Upper School of Engineering, Dpto. Vegetal production of the University of Almería)10/01/2012
From his origins to half of the past century, the crops without floor play a very important paper in the modern agriculture, especially in the horticulture. This bases in four basic pillars: to) the care of the consumer; b) the care of the environingingment; c) the one of the producers; and d) the profits agrosociales. All over the world the new technology are developing with speeds no known previously in the history of the humanity. The designated TIC (Technologies of the Information and Communication) hoard any activity of the man, including the agriculture and the horticulture. The crops without floor participate of these technologies in almost all his facets. Here we mention a lot of other technological appearances that have incorporated to the crops without floor.
Specifically we stand out two new appearances: the assimilation of the call 'chemical green' to the hidroponía (Carrasco and Urrestarazu, 2010; Carrasco et al., 2011); and the incorporation of specific technicians of this hidroponía to the modern architecture in the three-dimensional covers of the buildings and urbanismo in general (Burés and Urrestarazu, 2009; Álvaro et al., 2011), universal tendency that in Spanish has come to designate naturación (Briz, 2004). All this technology is contributing to some significant environmental profits of enormous transcendence, that go from the increase and maintenance of the biodiversidad until the mitigación of the global warming.
The crops without floor in the sudeste Spanish
During the last decades Spain is developing some technicians of crop without floor, in some way, distinct to the rest of the world. Part of these is extending to other regions of the world.
In the actuality can estimate in Spain, especially concentrated in the sudeste, around the province of Almería, in roughly some 5.500 has the surface of crops without floor (Figure 1). The Figure 2 sample the distribution of the different substrata but used in the actuality. During the last years has realised an important investigation, especially in alternative organic materials to the but traditional, fundamentally wool of rock and perlita, like shell of almond (Urrestarazu et al., 2005to), compost and fibre of coconut (Urrestarazu et al., 2003; Mazuela et al., 2004), and wooden fibre (Urrestarazu et al., 2005b; Domeño et al., 2009, 2011). Also they have realised investigations in other substrata inorganic (clay expanded, vermiculita, etc.), as well as in other systems hidropónicos like NFT or NGS (Urrestarazu et al., 2005c).
It appears 1: Evolution of the approximate surface of crop without floor in the sudeste Spanish (Urrestarazu, 2012).
It appears 2: approximate distribution by agrosistema of crop without floor in the sudeste Spanish. (Urrestarazu, 2012).
However, in spite of these efforts only the fibre of coconut seems to occupy a competitive place in front of wool of rock or perlita. Can understand that in the future the use of the sustratos in the next decades goes to keep (Blok and Urrestarazu, 2010). On the other hand the greater concentration of invernaderos of the world seems to keep on being the Field of Dalías (Almería), and like the distribution of the crops without floor is between a 20 or 25% of the total of the horticulture protected, involves that here it has probably the greater world-wide concentration of these systems.
Exist a lot of possible classifications of the crop without floor. Probably the but simple is like open and enclosed system. This besides is the one who better collects the possibility to separate it in function of the efficient use of the nutrients and his lower degree of broadcasts to the half (Urrestarazu and García, 2000), however so that the systems recirculantes have an important representation of the total still remains us a lot of way.
Expansion of the systems of crop without floor from Europe to neighbouring countries and other regions of the world
There is crowd of references that indicate that the crops without floor as today we understand them in the western world arise preferably in the centre of Europe from the years 70 and 80, and very especially of the Low Countries. There it did an important technological effort and of development. From these points propagated the systems of crop without floor to the countries of the zone north of the Mediterranean arch. And it is here where adopted and adapted to the new geographic conditions so much climatic as of handle cultural that previously existed.
The main adaptations that have realised are: to) a lower control on the climate, especially regarding the heating; and b) a remarkable reduction in the costs of production (Arellano et al., 2006), that involves a productive potential minor but also a lower initial investment.
Reviews of the expansion of the crops without floor from the sudeste Spanish: three examples of emergent countries
In general all the countries with exporting capacity and of internal consumption of hortalizas and ornamental plants have developed an important surface of horticulture protected and crops without floor. In this present all type of levels of technology. The degrees of tecnificación are enormous from the call 'hidroponía popular', especially developed in Latin American countries, until the highest technology of absolute environmental control in invernaderos type Come it (including climate, fertirriego, contribution of Or2, automation, telematic control, etc.), these last used especially in North America. We exemplify in three different continents: 1. Mexico, 2. Morocco and Western Sahara, and 3. China.
Mexico
In all America, Mexico is an exceptional case, with a proportion of growth in the horticulture protected annual between a 15 and 20% (Spanish, 2010). Could mention examples that go from the production of autoabastecimiento in the Mixteca Mexican, until big producing companies of but of 100 has delivered by all the Mexican Republic (Urrestarazu et al., 2005to). By his renown mention to Almerimex, resultant term of the combination of the words 'Almería' and 'Mexico'. This company developed invernaderos of kis debinubadis 'Parral' or 'Type-Almería' (Molina-Aiz et al., 2006), that in principle used like sustrato wool of rock.
The sustratos used in Mexico are very varied, and go from sustratos local, so much organic like minerals, until the but traditional of wool of rock and perlita. Between the organic stand out the use of bagazo of tequila (Martínez et al., 2011) or the own fibre of coconut, of the that the country is a producer. However, one of the but significant and economic is the Tezontle, treats of a volcanic rock very light of distinct granulometry and qualities, that in Mexico is very abundant. This material describes in the works of Vargas et al. (2008), a volcanic material very similar to the designated picón in the Canary Islands and that is using there from does decades (Photography 1).
It photographs 1: To the left, crop of Anthurium in picón (Tenerife, Spain), to the right, crop of tomato in Tezontle (Mexico).
Morocco and Western Sahara
Speaking of next landscape to the horticulture protected, Agadir is definitely by his fisonomía a small Almería in Morocco. The degree of similarity does not limit only to the external appearance, the handle of the crops and the distribution of the sustratos is very similar to the used in the sudeste Spanish. Between the factors to stand out signal two important: 1) the producers simplify to a large extent the technology used, substituting the automation of the processes by a simple mechanisation or simply based in hand of work (that it is some 10 times but economic). (Photography 2); and 2) however the quality of the final production is very similar, and includes the concepts of trazabilidad and alimentary security of our European canons.
It photographs 2: Semillero in Agadir (Morocco).
Chinese
With a population of 1,3 trillion people and 2 million hectares of crops protected (Table 1) is the country but important from a horticultural point of view in the world. The technological variation that uses is the one who already has described for Mexico. From the decade of the 80 has seen a very substantial increase.
They deserve a special quotation the designated invernaderos read-to (Jiang et al., 2004). It treats of invernaderos very simple where the light penetrates only by one of his expensive (orientation south in China), the rest of the walls are opaque built with diverse materials that avoid the loss of inner heat from the effect invernadero. Daily at night the plastic cover is protected with a second layer of material (curtains of traditional organic material or synthetic modern: thermal screens, to GO, etc.) (Photography 3).
It photographs 3: Invernaderos in Chinese type 'Read-to'. Details of the covers of the expensive south.
His aim is not losing the thermal sensors power, and represents the same concept and similar technology that in Almería had in the years 80 by the called INSOLE (Invernadero Solar Buried) and that it was promoted by the professor Rafael Jimenez in 1984 (Lao et al., 2003) (Photography 4). This principle Is using also in places so remote like Andes, in a lot of places even above 3.500 metres above sea level.
It photographs 4: Interior of an invernadero type INSOLE in 1987 Almería, with walls of brick (to the izq.). Invernadero Insole In the 2012 in the installations of the University of Almería (to the right),
New tendencies in the crops without floors
They exist crowd of new tendencies that are applying in the systems hidropónicos and of crops without floors. Between them we go to stand out three: 1) the use of the alternative energy: 2) the new lamps LED; and 3) the images in distinct frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum and his connection to the new technologies.
Photovoltaic plate in an invernadero and antenna that joins it to a network Wifi.
The alternative energies Are entering so much in our lives as in the distinct appearances of the agronomy. Maybe the alternative energies through the photovoltaic signposts are one of the systems but used in horticulture protected, contributing elements like the reduction of the costs of production, by descent of the value that the producers pay by the electrical energy. But in addition to this allows two important profits. One of them is the independence of the tended electrical, that allows to tackle installations in remote places, before this development only could have generators that usually used fuels fossils. On the other hand, this allows an important reduction of the broadcasts of CO2. A very interesting appearance that is developing is the use of signposts semitransparentes, that therefore are very adapted to be experienced like materials of cover in the horticulture protected.
It photographs 5: Lamps LED used in horticulture protected.
The lamps LED (Light-emitting diodes), are lamp much more efficient that the traditional incandescente or fluorescent, where more than 50% of the power that receive is used directly to be transformed in visible light, whereas with the others big part of the power that use finishes in thermal sensors power. This does that they can use no only for the growth of ornamental plants of interior, but also begins to earn interest the tendency of crops that in English terminology are 'indoor crops', that is to say, crops in the interior of structures no transparent like the buildings, matter very own of the crops without floor. Finally, it fits to mention also the extension of the images termográficas to the control of the crops without floor and the horticulture protected.
It photographs 6: Image of a crop of Singonium, where exists a failure in the gotero of the second plant from the left. This expresses before arriving to the marchitez. Source: Álvaro et al. (2011).
Gratitudes
Appreciate the support received to the Ministry of Sciences and Innovation through his project FEDER AGL-2010-18391.
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